Chemical Industries
Chloroalkali industry
(soap, PVC, etc.)

• Given diagrams of the membrane cell used industrially to produce chlorine electrolytically
  » Explain the process using half reactions and the overall redox reaction taking place in the cells
  » Identify all the products and give a use of each
  » Make clear the meaning of the term electrolytic cell
  » Identify the cathode (reduction, H₂) and the anode (oxidation, Cl₂)
  » Describe the function of the cell membrane where applicable (ion exchange)
• Identify the benefits to humankind of the products of this process
• Identify risks associated with operating this cell
• Given a flow diagram of, for example, the membrane cell (or even an unknown process pertinent to the manufacture of these products), be able to answer questions on aspects of the process.
• For example identify the reactants and products of a particular step, or the purpose of a sequence of steps

Fertiliser Industry
(N, P, K)

• List for plants:
  » three essential nutrients and their source:
  (C, H and O)
  (atmosphere CO₂ and rain)
  » three primary nutrients and their source
  (N, P, K)
  (the soil)
• Explain the function of N,P and K in plants
• List for humans the four major elements, and their source, on which the body relies for form and function
  »(C, H, O and N)
  » atmosphere, water and food, animals and plants
• Match the parts of the human body that utilise particular chemical elements with those from a list of primary, secondary and micronutrients in plants
  » (eg. P, K, Fe, Ca, ...)
• Give the form in which plants and animals absorb N, P and K
  » eg. nitrates, phosphates, potassium salts,,...
  » implies the need to fix nitrogen
• Give the source of:
  » N (guano)
  » P (bone meal)
  » K (German mines)
  before and after the First World War
• Interpret the N:P:K fertilizer ratio
• Describe and explain (rates, yield, neutralisation, ...) using chemical equations wherever appropriate, these aspects of the industrial manufacture of fertilizers,, given diagrams, flow charts, and so on:
  » N₂-fractional distillation of air
  » H₂-at SASOL from coal and steam
  » NH₃-Haber Process
  » HNO₃-Ostwald Process
  » H₂SO₄-Contact Process
• Give sources of potash (mined imported potassium salts like KNO₃, K₂SO₄, KNO₃...)
• Describe the term eutrophication and:
  » What causes it
  » Its consequences
  » Identify circumstances that can lead to it from a supplied text
  » Suggest ways to prevent it
  » Suggest ways to solve the problems that arise from it
• Evaluate the use of inorganic fertilisers on humans and the environment

Batteries, torch, car, etc

• Use the knowledge gained studying galvanic cells to provide, for an unknown cell:
  » the equation for the cell reaction given the half equations
  » the cell voltage if applied with the voltage of the half cells
• Explain and use the concepts:
  Energy stored in cells and batteries W = Vq
  Cell capacity and use the unit Amp-hour (Ah and mAh) and the equation:
  q = IΔt
  Primary cells and Secondary cells