Paper 2 Matter and Materials

Organic Molecules
Organic molecular structures
· functional groups
· saturated and unsaturated structires
· isomers
· systematic naming
· formulae

Give condensed structural, structural and molecular formulae given the IUPAC name, or give the IUPAC name given the formla for:

• maximum 8 carbons in the longest chain
• branched alkanes with maximum three alkyl substituents
• maximum two carbon atom per alkyl substituent
• number longest chain beginning at end nearest to first substituent
• arrange substituents alphabetical in name
• know that alkanes are our most important fuels (fossil fuels)
• combustion of alkanes (oxidation) is highly exothermic and carbon dioxide and water are produced:
  

• maximum of 6 carbon atoms per ring
• maximum 3 alkyl substituents
• maximum 2 carbon atms per alkyl substituent

• maximum of 8 carbon atoms in the longest chain
• branched akenes with maximum 3 alkyl substituents
• maximum 2 carbon atoms per alkyl substituent

• maximum of 6 carbon atoms per ring
• maximum 3 alkyl substituents
• maximum 2 carbon atoms per alkyl substituent

• conjugated diens:
  (two double bonds separated by a single bond)
• isolated dienes
  (one or more saturated carbon atoms between two double bonds)
• cumulated diens
  (two double bonds formed to one carbon atom)
• maximum 8 carbon atoms in the longest chain
• branched dienes with maximum 3 alkyl substituents
• maximum 2 carbon atoms per alkyl substituent

• maximum 8 carbon atoms in the longest chain
• branched alkynes with maximum 3 alkyl substituents
• maximum 2 carbon atoms per alkyl substituent

• maximum 8 carbon atoms in the longest chain
• branched haloalkanes
  maximum two carbon atoms per alkyl group
• halo alkanes can have one or more X-groups attached
  (X = F, Cl, Br or I
• number longest chain beginning at end nearest to first substituent
  regardless of whether it is alkyl or halo
• give alphabetical preference to substituents when longest chain can be numbered from either side
• include cyclic haloalkanes for rings up to 6 carbons
  eg. 1,2-dibromocyclohexane

• maximum 8 carbon atoms in the longest chain
• primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
• branched alchols with maximum 3 alkyl substituents
• maximum 2 carbon atoms per alkyl substituent
• number longest chain beginning at end nearest to hydroxyl group

• maximum 8 carbon atoms in the longest chain
• branched carboxylic acids with maximum 3 alkyl substituents
• maximum 2 carbon atoms per alkyl substituents
• number longest chain beginning at end nearest to carboxyl group

• maximum 8 carbon atoms in alkyl group (unbranched) attached to oxygen i.e. alcohol side of ester
  and maximum of 8 carbon atoms in carboxylic acid side (unbranched) of ester
• know that an ester is the product of an acid catalysed condensation between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
• identify the alcohol and carboxylic acis used to prepare a given ester and vice versa,
  and write an equation to represent this preparation

• primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl-substituted amines
• maximum 8 carbons in the longest alkyl substituent (unbranched)
• use the longest chain as the stem in unsymmetrical secondary and tertiary amines
  indicate the other alkyl groups attached to nitrogen using the prefix N- or N,N-

• alkyl-substituted amides
• maximum of 8 carbon atoms in the stem
  i.e. the chain containing the carbon atom of the acyl group
• if nitrogen is further substituted,
  name the substituents (maximum 3 carbon atoms) first preceded by N to identify them as directly substitued to the nitrogen
  followed by the name of the parent amide

• maximum 8 carbon atoms in the longest chain
• branched aldehydes with maximum three alkyl substituents
• maximum 2 carbon atoms per alkyl group
• number longest chain beginning at end nearest to carbonyl group

• maximum of 8 carbos atoms in the longest chain
• branched ketones with maximum 3 alkyl substituents
• maximum 2 carbon atoms per alkyl group
• number longest chain beginning at end closest to carbonyl group

• maximum 3 alkyl substituents
  NO other functional groups)
• maximum 2 carbon atoms per alkyl substituent

• functional groups
• hydrocarbon
• saturated
• unsaturated
• homologous series
• isomer
  (structural isomers only)

• saturated
• unsaturated
• isomers
  (up to 8 carbon atoms)